Educational Research Methods Essay

It is the research method conducted by subject teachers, course teachers and other schools staff side by side with their teaching. It is becoming increasingly popular as it encouragers to evaluate new methods in their work and study which is highly acceptable by all. It is the methods by which change can be noted and helps in understand the reaction of at one time, with action and critical reflection taking place. It is special type of research in education which mostly emphasize on continuous improvement in the field of teaching. There are three main goals of action research such as improvement of practice through continuous learning and problem solving, deep understanding of practice and development of action, improvement in the community through research. This research helps to gather detail information about the organization, vision and insight, a quest of new knowledge, a desired of improved performance, a self- reflective activity and willingness of effect change. It is basically conducted to discover plan for innovation and their successful implementation. It provides practical way of looking at owns work to check its efficiency of work. The Action Research is used to determine efficiency of study material, teaching techniques, classroom response and with their interest. There are numbers of outcomes of implementation of action research. Such as: †¢ Greater risk taking among the students and teachers helps them to identify new ways in their system. †¢ Comfort with inquiry and exploration creates increase comfort among the students. †¢ Greater direction in exploration helps to draw innovative techniques. Improved and broader questioning increases interest in the study of their subjects. †¢ Evidence of student self- evaluation can be immediately ascertained with the teaching in the class. †¢ Improved and extended science writing is the result of action research which helps tom explores their writing skills. †¢ Greater and broader interest in science is possible with the initiative of action research. The research results in increase in student interest, risk taking, questioning ability and comfort with teaching. For e. g.  If the teacher or researcher is worried or not satisfied with the current mind status of students or they are not doing well in class then the first question which arise in the mind of researcher is how to satisfy the need of all the students. So numbers of steps of action research can be adopted by the teacher to outcome result. Especial emphasis is made on listening to students and to better understand their needs. Then consideration should be given to set up community circle to listen to students describing learning experiences in classroom and helps to redesign strategies. During the course of listening researcher can discover information that focus on satisfaction of different user at a time. In other e. g. In an organization where peoples of diverse field are working requires more coordination. With the help of action research current problem â€Å"poor coordination† si ascertained. So after deep research and enquiry the researcher evolve new solution to problem such as creating database for storing and sharing and documents. They main Question which lies with the researcher is how to create healthy and fruitful relationship to increase coordination among them. The next step which is adopted by researcher is what kind of tactic to be employed to get the desired result. After integrating with all the employees at various stages and their suggestion which action is to be taken to increase coordination? Action Research helps in better understanding the situation being studied and also of participants directly involved in the process. This is considered vital in all the sphere as it generate collective action as well as develops participants skills through â€Å"learning by doing† to promote their self reliance. So, it can be said that action research provides opportunity for professional growth of researchers, to improve their practice, to examine findings in their own context. Action Research creates a sense of responsibility, development and improvement on the teacher and classroom. Builds up morale, and encourages collegial interactions.

Arthur Miller, an Enemy of the People Essay

An Enemy of the People, depicts an intriguing playwright in which the differences of opinions between two brothers leads to a town revolution and the expulsion of one brother from the community. One brother, Dr. Stockmann, believed the contamination of the water in the town’s health spa was sufficient reasoning to be shut down. The other brother, Peter Stockmann, took an opposing stance believing that the health spa was the towns only means to economic salvation, and that closing the spa would detrimentally affect the entire population of the town. The town stood behind Peter, and the town kept the spa and maintained its financial prosperity, while Dr. Stockmann was shunned and left feeling that the town he loved had chosen the wrong priorities and was not fulfilling the moral duty to preserve life. As Peter is the protagonist in this story, the question to whether his actions were moral or immoral must be raised. The stance that this essay will take in answering this question is the Utilitarian standpoint described by John Stuart Mill. Utilitarianism must be defined if to be applied to this question. Before Mill, Utilitarianism promoted the idea of utility, or the promotion of pleasure over pain. Pleasure is then described as a happiness that all people wish to achieve. John Stuart Mill goes further to contribute that â€Å"some kinds of pleasures are more desirable and more valuable than others,† therefore, â€Å"the estimation of pleasures should be supposed to depend on quantity alone (Mill 162). † Mill also argues that the consequences are more important than the intentions behind actions. Therefore, if the consequences are good then the motivations don’t matter. Complementing the principle of utility, the greatest good for the greatest number, Mill’s definition of happiness would justify the morality of Peter Stockmann’s actions towards his brother. Peter Stockmann strongly felt that closing the health spa would drastically affect the entire town that his family had worked so hard to build. In his soapbox to the crowd Peter says, â€Å"we know what this town was without our Institute. We could barely afford to keep the streets in condition. It was a dead, third-rate hamlet (Ibsen 90). † Following with, â€Å"within five years the ncome of every man in this room will be immensely greater, and someday we will be one of the richest and most beautiful resort towns in the world. † Many good consequences come from a town that had nothing to a town with a beautiful and prosperous resort, these consequences include; a higher standard of living, better education, and a higher morale with a new sense dignity in the town. Af ter realizing these consequences, the town will never want to go back to the old ways. Just as Mill would do, Peter fights for the greater good of the society. In doing so he is providing the greatest good for the greatest amount of people regardless if a few people have the risk of being injured from the contaminated water. Dr. Stockmann had good intentions to protect the people in his town, but by standing up against the masses he actually made more harm than if he would have kept silent, these consequences include; causing a revolution in the town, the town losing him as a doctor, his daughter getting fired from her job, and his son not being able to go back to school. Dr. Stockmann had good intentions, but the horrendous outcome makes his efforts immoral according Mill. Peter Stockmann hurt a few to save many, whereas Dr. Stockmann wanted to potentially hurt many to save a few. Mill would conclude that Dr. Stockmann had to the duty to protect the health of humanity, but if he was not able to do so without keeping the happiness of society he should have let his duty go. Being raised with the ideology of treating your neighbor as you would treat yourself leaves me with a bitter taste in my mouth after arguing that Peter Stockmann was just in his course of actions. Family is family, and no matter how different views can become I do not agree in expulsing a family member. Democracy in society is a very controversial issue, because it brings up the question, are the decisions made by the masses the right decisions? Morally speaking the masses can be wrong. Like Dr. Stockmann said, â€Å"was it morally right for the masses to crucify Jesus? † The more the issue is confronted it almost makes sense that society is willing to hurt a few to save so many. I find this story very interesting because it brings up multiple issues.

Education For Woman Essay

Education is very essential for every one because it is the only education by which we can differentiate between human beings and animals. Education tells us that how can we live in a society that’s why education is important for every one, for both men and women. In past, women did not receive any education at all. They were not allowed to come out of the four walls of their houses. Domestic works were their only education. But now we are living in 21th centaury where there is no any difference between men and women. In this century women have the same respect as men have. They help each other in every sphere. So education should be given to both men and women. But instead of this there are so many people who do not want to educate their women because they think that women do not need education. They think that women are expected to take care of everyone except themselves. They have to take care of the children, stay home, clean up the house, and be the self-denying wife and mother. They think only that the life of a woman is all about getting married, having children, and being bombarded by unimportant details of domesticity. But they do not understand that the education is very important for women not only for them but for a whole family. Because women are the mothers of the future generation. If women are uneducated, the future generations will be uneducated. In day to day life, the real problems are faced first by women and then the same problems are conveyed to men for solution. If the women are educated, they can solve all the problems of their houses. It is said that when ever any men get education it is only useful for him but when ever any women get education it is useful for whole family. An educated woman gives an educated family and an educated family can makes society better. We can not imagine a god society without the education of women. If a woman will not get education how will she manage whole family? Man and woman are like the two sides of a coin. Without one, the other cannot exist. Education women can not only give an educated family but Education of women can also be helpful in eradicating many social evils such as dowry problem, unemployment problem, etc. Social peace can easily be established. A woman has to play three distinct parts in the course of her life in each of which certain duties are expected of her. The first duty of a woman is to  be a good daughter. The second is to be a good wife. And the third is to be a good mother. Education teaches a mother what she should be. It also teaches her how she would do it to be a good daughter, a good wife and a good mother. Only With the help of education women can know their rights .Woman belongs to a weaker section of the society because she suffers from many handicaps due to rigid, outdated social customs and religious practices. But an educated woman cannot be exploited easily. She is aware of her rights and will go any length to defend them. Also, one of a mother’s highest duties is the education of her children at the time when their mind is not amenable to instruction. A child’s whole future life, to a large extent, depends on the teaching it receives in early childhood and it is needless to say that this first foundation of education cannot be well laid by an ignorant mother. Thus education will enable women to make their children, husbands and parents truly happy. Consequently it is very important that women should be educated. On all these grounds female education is a vital necessity.

Travel and Tourism Final Project (Interview) Research Paper

Travel and Tourism Final Project (Interview) - Research Paper Example We offer long term rates for those staying for more than one week. Tourists are either here just for leisure or actually for a business trip. Our individual target market is men and women aged 21 to 40, who would like to pay for a premium but reasonable fee in exchange for a good night’s rest in a hotel that is at the heart of Vegas. These travelers enjoy the perks of a hotel room with a state-of-the art communication technology, and generally a hotel that offers leisure amenities that will make guests relax and unwind. We also want to attract couples and facilities vacationing in the city and even just those passing by for a night or two and are on their way to a grand country tour. Generally, this target market belong the middle-earners, who can afford the rates but would still like to get the best value for their money. These are individuals gainfully employed, or have a business of their own. We attract the decision makers and that’s why our amenities are also tailo red fit to their needs. We also target group/ corporate clients who spend money to mobilize their team. We offer corporate and discounted group packages. We design these packages to attract business decision makers who would not compromise their reputational risks, but will look into budgetary issues as well. 3. Can you give a brief background of Hyatt Hotels? Hyatt is a chain of full service hotels and resorts with presence in key cities worldwide and operating for more than 50 years now. Part of its marketing strategies is the management of six unique brands that cater to different market segments, and offering unique hotel experience. Hyatt Place is focused on the business traveler while Hyatt Summerfield Suites offers all-suites, extended stay hotel which resembles the comforts of one’s home. Andaz, Park Hyatt and Grand Hyatt are for the luxurious traveler. Hyatt Regency mirrors the contemporary lifestyle, focusing on both the business traveler and vacationing individuals and families. These brands are what distinguish the company from most of the competitors. Wherever one goes, there is a Hyatt hotel that will surely cater to the client’s needs. And there is a brand for every client who wishes to have a worthwhile stay in his city of preference. Hyatt’s commitment to provide only the best in the hospitality industry has been carried out for the last 50 years, and counting. I think, it will last for another 50 years and more because the management is very sensitive to their client’s needs, and is very in tune with the trends in the hospitality business. Having the right pulse at the right issues and concerns enables our management to make good business decisions. The company continuously innovates with the developments in technology, travel and even culture itself. It will not run out of ideas and product offerings for its target market. The tourism industry is an industry that is always evolving, and despite current threats and political and economic situations, hotels will always have a way to thrive and bring home away from home for tourists and visitors. Hyatt Hotels is always committed to providing excellent service to its clients, and its staff and personnel are always aligned with this thrust. 4. Comments/ Observations The Hyatt brand is one of the most recognized hotels in the whole world. Its Vegas hotel is one of its most successful, being in a place that is much

Zara IT for Fast fashion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Zara IT for Fast fashion - Essay Example Zara’s business model sells fashion more than it does apparels. To this end, speed, agility, and flexibility in responding to changing consumer demands is essential and even more important is Zara’s need to maintain its core capability so that it cannot be imitated by other competitor in the industry (Walters, 2006; Lu and Ramamurthy, 2011:937). Failing to upgrade its POS terminals could potentially make the company lose its edge in terms of speed in delivery of fast fashion to its competitors, due to obsolete ancient technology. Although the DOS system is stable, it is increasingly facing challenges and problems. First and foremost, there too many people involved in information transfer and analysis of the ordering, fulfilment and manufacturing processes which increases the probability of errors. Though Salgado does not mind a small margin in error, a more integrated system would allow easier data transfer and also ensure accuracy in such data which would enable a bala nce between supply and demand. Secondly, using PDAs with small screens to enter data is strenuous and time consuming. Getting to do this every day does not help in enhancing data accuracy. Thirdly, since the POS terminals are not connected to Zara’s headquarters or stores, the sales data transmitted at the end of the day, may not fully reflect changing fashion trend sales (McFee, Dessain, and Sjoman, 2007). Within the fast fashion industry, what is fashionable today may be obsolete and unfashionable tomorrow (Tesseras, 2009). Fashion changes fast, and Zara needs a system that can wholly and efficiently reflect this based on cloth’s designs, colour, and even the sizes. And finally, the very fact that Zara’s hardware vendor for POS terminals refuses to enter into a contractual agreement regarding their assurance not to change the DOS operating system, does not fully assure Zara that it would not in the future (McFee, Dessain, and Sjoman, 2007). This presents a ris k to Zara’s operations. Where the costs of maintaining the ancient system surpasses or equals the benefits that the vendors gain from maintaining the system for Zara, the vendors may decide to change the machines. Upgrading the POS terminals into a modern operating system would enable development of newer capabilities into the software which would potentially enable the company to build in store networks as well as give the employee the ability to look up inventory balances in their own stores and in other stores. This would enable the store managers to understand which cloths are selling fast, and which ones they are left in inventory without having to go through the store to physically count them. Therefore it would enhance decision making with regard to what kind of clothes, in what design, colour and size are required. Furthermore, connectivity among stores which are nearer would enhance sharing of data on which products are in one store yet is in shortage in another (Car o and Gallien, 2010:261-265; Caro, et al, 2010:74-79). This would enhance fast movement of merchandise from one store to another, thus enhancing sales. Such information technology capabilities would not only streamline information flow along the supply chain in real time but also enable the headquarters to be connected to a store’s real time data sales which would be essential in making any decisions with regard to design, size and colours, as well as using actual real time data in planning and shortening cycle times for each of the stores (Walters, 2006). The real time data also would enable the headqu

Whole Foods are Cause Related and not Strategic Philanthropy Case Study

Whole Foods are Cause Related and not Strategic Philanthropy - Case Study Example The company also started selling its own private labels that included its everyday value, whole Market, and whole kitchen that helped their customers to cut their budget (Ferrell 526). The company puts into consideration all their stakeholder's health and well-being. Its mission statement emphasizes the need for them providing the highest quality natural and organic products. It believes that satisfying their customers and employees creates wealth for shareholders. It allows free sampling to their customer that enables the customers to try their products. The employees treat their customers as the part of their families, and this attracts them. The company also uses social media to strengthen their relationship with their clients. After the company had made some mistakes, it resolved to rectify by hiring Health Eating Specialists who began posting information on its website to educate consumers on healthy eating habits. The company also allows the employees to form unions if they wis h to have one (Ferrell 527). The laws require all companies to provide quality foods to their customers, whole foods ensures that it gives their customers high-quality products. The company labels those foods that are genetically modified though this is not required by law, and this indicates their commitment to their customer health; in turn, this has led to the company gaining the trust of their clients. By providing high-quality products, the company attracts more customers, and this leads to its growth. The company pays better wages and working conditions for their workers, which ensures high performance (Ferrell 529). The decision to investing in solar installation is ethical since it allows the company to reduce its environmental impact. Solar energy installation prevents 1650 tons of carbon dioxide from being emitted into the atmosphere. Solar is a renewable source of energy, and this ensures that there is a clean supply of energy all the time (Ferrell 532).

History of the Middle East Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

History of the Middle East - Research Paper Example The increased developments in Middle East had been pronounced since early decades, and can be traced back in the second half of 1500s when Ottoman Empire started expanding its domain (Fischbach 2013, 56). From inception, Islam had shaped politics in regions where it dominated, especially in Middle East. Despite the fragmentation of the political authority in Muslim land, Islam continued to be powerful and had a strong political solidarity bond. Collapse of Ottoman Empire facilitated the entry of Europeans in Middle East who aimed at colonizing them. British domination of local politics remained effective until early 1970s. Emergence of independent and sovereign states between 1940s and 1050s altered traditional foundations and domestic power equations in state-society relations. The modern states were unprepared for any competitive international environment and offer substantial support to the growing nationalist aspirations. Such aspirations appeared in response to political develop ments and Palestinian-Israeli conflicts that served as the catalyst for regional instability and conflict. This led to the political environment in 20th century characterized by political turmoil, extremism and conquests. Therefore, this paper investigates why the creation of the state of Israel failed to solve the Jewish problems (Gettleman 2012, 145). Creation of state of Israel The creation of state of Israel was predicated on the constitution of Jews as people of special identity and placed the nation on specific territory, as well as the juridical and territorial independence of the nation in modern country. The formation of state of Israel was enhanced by Zionism and deliberated by articulation from individuals who set to revive the ancient kingdom in a modern approach. This called for territorial and political independence for it to be successful. Soon after the end of World War II, the British evacuated Palestine and recommended partitioning of the Palestine into two states. Arabs rejected while Jewish accepted, though they advocated that they be given more than 55 percent of the land. This facilitated the War of control during which Israel declared its statehood in 1948. Such victory over the Arabs facilitated an influx of Jewish refugees from Europe and other Muslim word and outflow of fleeing Arab Palestinians (Klieman 1990, 63) One year after the partition plan by the general assembly, the resolution 94 was issued to offer right of return of the Arabs to the post-mandate Palestine. However, UN possessed no powers to enforce such resolutions since Israel was determined to prohibit Arabs to return to their homes after fleeing. Such unresolved problems remain the major source of conflicts for quite some time. In 1950, Israel’s parliament passed the law of return (Gettleman 2012, 148). Partition Plan Most states in UN General Assembly voted in the partition plan for the Palestine in 1947. Such a resolution called for the termination of the manda te by Britons and created two states; one for Arabs and the other one for Jews. City of Jerusalem was entitled to the enjoyment of special status under the international administration. The resolution was voted in by thirty one countries while seven voted against the resolution. Zionists accepted the resolution while Arabs opposed it since it advocated for a single state dominated by Arab majority. Traditionally, the twin objectives of the foreign policy in Israel of

1.Do subjects of differing anxiety levels perform equally in front of Literature review

1.Do subjects of differing anxiety levels perform equally in front of an audience 2.Is there an association between anxiety levels, physiological arousal, stature and performance - Literature review Example It can also be looked as a kind of subjectively unpleasant feeling of dread and various kinds of events that are over-anticipated like the feeling of an imminent death. It is important to note that anxiety is not similar to fear (Pertaub, Slater & Barker 2001, 375). Fear is the actual response to real or certain perceived threats in the immediate environment. On the other hand, anxiety refers to the expectation that a certain threat or worse experience will happen in the future. In this case, anxiety can be seen as a special feeling of worry, fear and an uneasiness that is often generalized and also unfocussed as an overreaction to situations that seem to be subjectively menacing. In some cases, anxiety is often associated with restlessness, muscular tensions, fatigue as well as problems and challenges in concentration (Karunakaran 2011, 49; Bailey & Wells 2013, 328). It is important to note that anxiety can be an appropriate action and feeling; however, when it is not managed effectively and goes on for a long time, it can be dangerous to the particular individual by causing anxiety disorders (Crawford 2004, 518). This kind of disorders can affect an individual’s productivity at the work place, family and in personal life, calling for the need to manage it in the most effective and efficient ways. People that often have varying levels of anxiety often do not perform equally in front of their audience. Different people often have various ways in which they manage their stress levels, while some can easily put it under control in order to perform well in various disciplines, others, especially those coming into the sport for the first time like athletes and performers can be broken down by it. For most performers, those that ends up failing to manage stage fright end up having high levels of anxiety, which affects their performance. For athletes, the

Liquid Crystal Displays evolution into the future Essay

Liquid Crystal Displays evolution into the future - Essay Example iversity of Illinois argued with concern about the quality of monitors which by then were television sets used within the main computer producing very low quality pictures which were not well defined and difficult to identify the content and, or follow the programs that were being broadcasted (Adee, 2008, p. 81). Due to evolution of large and colored screens, the quality of pictures improved despite the high power consumption which was mainly as a result of large components with respect to the later versions but smaller compared to the older versions respectively, overheating, the quality became poorer afterwards due to constant overheating hence the need for a different screen monitor with better resolutions to help solve the problems that they had experienced previously with the cathode Ray Tube screens as well (Bellis, 2007, p. 37). This concern led to invention of LCD technology. The term â€Å"plasma† was used in regard to the technology because the pixels that enhance screen resolution depended on plasma cells. A plasma screen is a typical display panel contains millions of tiny plasma cells in compartmentalized spaces between two glass panels which when energized reflects light that focuses on the screen to create a field of view (Delepierre et., al, 2006, p. 30). LCD- This is a fourth state of matter after solid, liquid and gaseous states, which contains definite number of electrically charged particles. However, the interaction between the neutral particles and the charged particles plays a major role in determining the usefulness and the behavior of plasma. As the energized electrons move and vibrate between the two glasses, some of the electrons strike mercury particles moving through the plasma which increases surface area for the energy level in the molecules (Chemistry, 2011, p. 27). Each pixel in a plasma display comprises of three primary colors namely blue, red and green with respect to the IEE regulations, the voltage signal variations within

Communication Styles †Analysis of a Special Interaction Essay Example for Free

Communication Styles – Analysis of a Special Interaction Essay The paper is an analysis of the special interaction between a Noble and a Reflective. The analysis is a process to see how communication styles affect the interaction, and how changing one’s style when communicating with another style can result in different outcomes. This paper illustrates how I adjusted my communication style to adapt my boyfriend’s communication style and how the result changed. The paper addresses the following: 1) A description of the interaction, 2) An analysis the interaction, and 3) Conclusion. see more:describe how to support different communication abilities and needs of an individual with dementia A description of the interaction The specific interaction I want to demonstrate is the interaction between my boyfriend, Tony, and me. Because we have different communication styles, we sometimes argue and get mad at each other. He is a straight forward person; he tells me right away what I am doing wrong. As a Noble, Tony is very decisive. He likes to be center of every discussion. In contrast, I have a Reflective style; I tend to be quiet. I love spending time alone; I think deeply and do not make decisions quickly. The interaction The following scenario is an illustration of our communication styles. The interaction took place late at night two weeks ago at the Home Depot store where Tony and I went to buy some fixtures for my room. We went inside the store; he grabbed the products he needed quickly, while I took my time looking around. I showed him the light I had chosen and he said, â€Å"It is not a night light. Let’s go over another row†. He held my hand and tried to move quickly to another row, but I pushed his hand away and stood in the same area. He went by himself and said, â€Å"We have to hurry up, or we can come back tomorrow†. I was very angry, but I did not say anything. Finally, I went to the cashier, and I saw him holding a pretty night light in his hand. The impact of different communication style Although he still helped me choose the night light, his behavior made me feel like he was rushing me and did not care about me. He thinks he knows what I want, and he should have asked me what kind of light I needed. If I chose the wrong one, he should have explained what kind of light I needed. He acted as if he needed to make the decision for me because I was taking too long. An analysis of the interaction Last week, Tony helped me repaint my room and we went to the Home Depot to purchase colors and painting tools. Tony was very unhappy because I took too long to decide the paints. He also complained why I did not plan ahead of time. In the meantime, I decided to speak out what I was thinking instead of being quiet and doing my own thing. I told Tony that he should have helped me on selecting the paints because the color I wanted was not available and the instruction of choosing and mixing colors in the store was confusing me. I described what kind of color I wished to use for my room and asked him for advice. I also talked to Tony directly that I tried to ignore his offended comments, but those unconscious words irritated me. Tony realized his unintentional attitudes made me upset and he said apologize to me. We both felt like we removed the communication style barrier between us after the frank conversation and we finished shopping and painting my room successfully. I will remind mys elf to use this method in our future conversations to prevent conflicts and arguments. Conclusion Learning the communication styles concept has helped me better understand the way people interact. Each person has a distinct style of communication which has both good and bad aspects. Any miscommunication can cause unexpected outcomes, but if I can adjust or control my communication style, I can predict the result of most interactions. Therefore, I recognize that learning and understanding other styles and applying what I have learned in real life will help to bring good results.

The role of violence in prostitution

The role of violence in prostitution This essay will discuss the theories that exist behind this statement and will look beyond the notion that prostitution involves violence to the prostitute herself (which often it does). There are differing views on this statement which usually depend on which philosophical theory is being put forward. Radical feminists as a whole support the view that prostitution is sexual violence for the reasons discussed below. Radical feminists view prostitution as a form of male dominance and exploitation over women and which reinforces the existing patriarchal order of society. They think that prostitution has a very negative and detrimental effect both on the prostitutes themselves and on the whole of society because stereotypical views of women are reinforced when they are viewed as sexual objects which exist for the amusement and delectation of men. The main objection to prostitution by feminists is the male dominance angle, whereby the man who buys the woman has sex with her, but it is not an enjoyable experience and she is forced to try and dissociate herself from the man. In this way she is a mere object of pleasure for the man and the sex act is not given on an equal or mutual basis. The woman is thus reduced to a conduit for the mans gratification. These feminists believe that many clients use the services of a prostitute because they derive satisfaction from the power trip and the control they exercise over the woman during the sex encounter. Catharine MacKinnon thinks that prostitution isnt sex only, its you do what I say, sex.  [1]   Prostitution is seen as a product of the patriarchal societal order in which men are superior to women and where the gender inequality is present in all walks of life. Such views consider that prostitution perpetuates the notion that women can be bought and sold like a commodity, providing sexual services for the sole purpose of satisfying men. Feminists are very critical of the patriarchal ideology which has justified prostitution throughout time. This ideology sees prostitution as a necessary evil with men unable to control their desires and so it is necessary for a small number of women to sacrifice their life and be used and abused by men in order that the majority can be protected from rape and abuse. Here prostitution is seen as form of slavery. These feminists argue that in fact prostitution does not reduce the incidents of rape but in fact it leads to a noticeable increase in sexual violence against women by letting men think it is perfectly acceptable to treat a woman as a s exual repository over which they have ultimate control. In Nevada, the only American state which permits legal brothels, Melissa Farley argues that the states high rape rate is directly connected to legal prostitution.  [2]  Nevada ranks fourth out of the fifty states for sexual assault crimes and its rape rate is higher than the American average. Given that brothels are legal in Nevada one would expect that it would be at the bottom end of the scale in the number of such crimes. Farley argues that legal prostitution creates an environment where women are not humans equal to men and are thus disrespected by men which in turn leads to increased violence against women. Feminists argue that prostitution is detrimental to society and that when society accepts it, the message is sent that it is irrelevant how the woman feels during sex. Some countries are addressing the undesirability of prostitution and in 1999 Sweden became the first country to make paying for sex a crime although being a prostitute was not criminalised. Other countries including Norway and Iceland followed Swedens lead in 1999. These laws reinforce the views of feminists who in their opposition to prostitution also conclude that it is not a practice which can be made safe by reformation and thus they criticise any harm reduction approach. One former Canadian prostitute, Trisha Baptie now campaigns to outlaw the buying of sexual favours and she has said that Harm reduction? You cant make prostitution safer; prostitution is violence in itself. It is rape, the money only appeases mens guilt.  [3]  In this view although the prostitute is seen to be consenting to sex, her acquiescen ce is not freely given and the payment just makes the man think that he has not committed rape because the woman has received a financial benefit. These so called radical feminists see prostitution as a form of violence against women and are adamant that it should be made illegal as in Sweden. These feminists are particularly scathing of another feminist point of view which argues that prostitution should be legalised because it is here to stay. The radical feminists argue that rape and murder have also existed for numerous years and will continue to do so, but no one argues that rape and murder should be made legal. The radical feminists who campaign against the notion of legalising prostitution in order to control and regulate it thereby reducing its harmful effects compare this to the abhorrent notion of legalising domestic violence in order to control and reduce its harmful effects. Just as you cannot legislate to make domestic violence a little bit better the same applies to prostitution. This attitude evolves from their belief that prostitution is sexual violence and should be treated as such whereby it should be eradicat ed not controlled in their eyes. Another major objection to prostitution voiced by feminists is that in most cases a woman who enters into prostitution does not do so on the basis of a cold calculated decision because they are forced by a pimp or human trafficking, the latter being an example of enforced prostitution. Even where the decision is seemingly made voluntarily and rationally it often stems from chronic problems earlier in life. Such problems usually revolve around drug addiction, childhood sexual abuse and similar unsavoury circumstances. In other words, the feminist argument views the decision to become a prostitute as spawning and emanating directly from such earlier experiences and circumstances. If the consent is lacking then you end up with compliance at best. Capacity is vital in making an informed decision and according to one study the average age of children when they become prostitutes is twelve at which age they are not of sufficient age to consent to sex.  [4]  They see such women being dr iven into prostitution which means that sexual violence they may have experienced in childhood or adolescence is extended through their adult lives through prostitution. Feminists argue that most women enter prostitution against their own volition. Prostitutes are generally made up of women from the lower socio economic classes including poor and uneducated women from the most disadvantaged racial and ethnic minorities MacKinnon 1993. MacKinnon also argues that In prostitution, women have sex with men thay would never otherwise have sex with. The money thus acts as a form of force, not a measure of consent, It acts like physical force does in rape.  [5]   Some scholars of prostitution maintain that genuine consent in prostitution is not plausible. One has to search at great lengths through academic literature to find many authors who agree that authentic consent is possible or at least likely.  [6]   Trauma research has been criticized for its failure to attend to social attitudes and behaviors which cause trauma. One of Vanwesenbeecks (1994) respondents described prostitution as volunteer slavery, clearly articulating both the appearance of choice and the overwhelming coercion behind that choice. The extreme violence suffered by these respondents suggests that we can not view prostitution as a neutral activity or simply as a vocational choice. Instead, prostitution must be understood as sexual violence against women (Kemp, Rawlings, Green, 1991). The focus of attention is on changing a social system, which makes prostitution possible. An alternative view of prostitution emanates from the libertarian pro sex work perspective who oppose the radical feminists view that prostitution amounts to sexual violence whereby the sexual act occurs because of coercion exploitation and domination by men. Pro sex feminists argue that prostitution can be an affirmation by women that they have autonomy over their bodies. As such prostitution is an informed and genuinely free choice. Some prostitutes are high class call girls who are well educated and sophisticated women. They realise that at the upper end of the market there are huge sums of money to be made for seemingly very little effort. Pro-sex feminists argue that the selling of sexual favours need not be inherently exploitative and that and accordingly deny that it is sexual violence. Pro sex workers such as Carol Queen argue that the radical feminists who oppose prostitution and view it as sexual violence have failed to take into account the views and opinions of prostitutes themselves, preferring to rely in theory and obsolete experiences.  [7]   Pro sex feminists view the prostitute as being in control and that they in fact control the man as they set the price. Prostitution is seen by some as sexual violence which brings massive economic rewards for some involved. The sex industry, like any other worldwide enterprise, has numerous sectors based in various locations which are controlled by various managers and is expanding as the law and public opinion allow.  [8]   Whether or not one decides if prostitution is sexual violence depends on your view as to the reasons why women participate in prostitution. If prostitution is viewed as a legal form of rape then undoubtedly you will agree with the proposition. It can also be viewed as a form of emotional violence with prostitutes becoming emotionally battered. The radical feminists gender based view that prostitution is a form of male sexual violence against women does not address the fact that male prostitutes exist